40 101 x Lilybaeum, on the westernmost point of Sicily, was a Carthaginian settlement which rapidly expanded to replace Motya in 396 BC as the most important Punic port and stronghold in Sicily. The city held out against the Romans in the First Punic War but became part of the Roman province of Sicily when peace was concluded.
# Lilybaeum
225 101 x Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena) lies on a peninsula with an excellent harbour. It was refounded by Hasdrubal in 228 BC as a base for his conquest of Spain. Captured by Scipio Africanus in 209 BC, it was later made a Roman colony under Julius Caesar.
# Carthago Nova
251 101 x According to tradition, Gades (modern Cadiz) was founded by Phoenicians from Tyre around 1100 BC, but it is thought that this actually occurred at some time during the 8th or 7th centuries. A busy commercial trading-post, it was Hamilcar Barca's first base in Spain, but defected to Rome in 206 BC, receiving good terms.
# Gades
36 101 x Tingis (modern Tangiers) was founded by Phoenicians in the 5th century BC. A strategically placed seaport facing Gibraltar across the Straits, it became a Carthaginian and then a Roman settlement and an important trading-post. Tingis was made a free city in AD 42 and became the capital of the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana.
# Tingis
1 101 x Cirta, a strong rock fortress in Algeria, was the capital city of Syphax, the Numidian leader and ally of Carthage. It later became the capital of another Numidian leader, Masinissa, who was originally an ally of Carthage but shifted his allegiance to Rome. Masinissa also encouraged the settlement of Italian merchants in Cirta.
# Cirta
2 101 x Hadrumetum (modern Sousse) is located on the sea-coast some 60 miles (100 km) south of Carthage. It was founded (like Carthage) by Phoenicians and was the base for Hannibal in his Zama campaign. It did not join the Romans until 146 BC.
# Hadrumetum
3 101 x Utica, a port on the mouth of the river Bagrades, was by tradition the oldest Phoenician settlement in North Africa. Archaeological remains discovered there date back to the 8th century BC. Utica was a favoured city and strong ally of the Carthaginians, but defected to Rome in 149 BC, becoming the capital of the Roman province of Africa.
# Utica
4 101 x Trasimene, a large lake in Etruria, was the site of Hannibal's total annihilation of a Roman consular army along with the consul Flaminius in 217 BC.
# Trasimeno
5 101 x Saguntum in Spain had close trade relations with the Greek colony of Massilia and was an ally of Rome. It was besieged and captured by Hannibal in 219 BC. The city and its walls were destroyed, but Saguntum was recaptured and rebuilt by the Romans in 212 BC.
# Saguntum
6 101 x Baecula was the scene of a victory by Scipio Africanus over Hasdrubal in 208 BC. Screened by his light troops, Scipio's main forces divided and attacked the flanks of the Carthaginian army - a tactic not used before by a Roman general. Hasdrubal withdrew his army from total defeat and left Spain for Italy.
